Low Diversity and High Genetic Structure for Platonia insignis Mart., an Endangered Fruit Tree Species.

Platonia insignis is a fruit tree native to Brazil of increasing economic importance, with its pulp trading among the highest market values. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and genomic diversity of P. insignis (bacurizeiro) accessions from six locations in the Brazilian States of Roraima, Amazonas, Pará (Amazon biome), and Maranhão (Cerrado biome). A total of 2031 SNP markers were obtained using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), from which 625 outlier SNPs were identified. High genetic structure was observed, with most of the genetic variability (59%) concentrated among locations, mainly between biomes (Amazon and Cerrado). A positive and significant correlation (r = 0.85; p < 0.005) was detected between genetic and geographic distances, indicating isolation by distance. The highest genetic diversity was observed for the location in the Cerrado biome (HE = 0.1746; HO = 0.2078). The locations in the Amazon biome showed low genetic diversity indexes with significant levels of inbreeding. The advance of urban areas, events of burning, and expansion of agricultural activities are most probably the main factors for the genetic diversity reduction of P. insignis. Approaches to functional analysis showed that most of the outlier loci found may be related to genes involved in cellular and metabolic processes.

Maize dispersal patterns associated with different types of endosperm and migration of indigenous groups in lowland South America.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The lowlands of South America appear to be remarkably important in the evolutionary history of maize, due to new evidence that suggests that maize dispersed from Mexico and arrived in this region in a state of partial domestication. This study aimed to identify dispersal patterns of maize genetic diversity in this part of the continent. METHODS: A total of 170 maize accessions were characterized with 4398 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analysed to determine if maize dispersal was associated with types of endosperm and indigenous language families. KEY RESULTS: Four genetic groups were identified in the discriminant analysis of principal components and five groups in the cluster analysis (neighbour-joining method). The groups were structured according to the predominance of endosperm types (popcorn, floury, flint/semi-flint). Spatial principal component analysis of genetic variation suggests different dispersal patterns for each endosperm type and can be associated with hypotheses of expansions of different indigenous groups. CONCLUSIONS: From a possible origin in Southwestern Amazonia, different maize dispersal routes emerged: (1) towards Northern Amazonia, which continued towards the Caatinga and south-eastern Atlantic Forest (Floury); (2) towards Southern Brazil, passing through the Cerrado and Southern Atlantic Forest reaching the Pampa region (Floury); and (3) along the Atlantic Coast, following Tupi movements originating from two separate expansions: one (Tupinamba) from north to south, and the other (Guarani) in the opposite direction, from south to north (flint, floury and popcorn).

Presence of Zea luxurians (Durieu and Ascherson) Bird in Southern Brazil: Implications for the Conservation of Wild Relatives of Maize.

Records of the occurrence of wild relatives of maize in South American lowlands are unprecedented, especially in sympatric coexistence with landraces. This fact is relevant, because regions of occurrence of wild relatives of cultivated plants should be a priority for conservation, even if they do not correspond to the center of origin of the species. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the wild relatives of maize in the Far West of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Therefore, phenotypic characterization was performed for five populations, based on 22 morphological traits deemed as fundamental for classifying the species of the genus Zea, and validated through the characterization of chromosomal knobs of two populations. The occurrence and distribution of teosinte populations were described through semi-structured interviews applied to a sample of 305 farmers. A total of 136 teosinte populations were identified; 75% of them occur spontaneously, 17% are cultivated populations, and 8% occur both ways, for the same farm. Populations that were characterized morphologically had trapezoidal fruits mostly, upright tassel branch (4-18), non-prominent main branch and glabrous glumes, with two protruding outer ribs and 8 inner ribs, on average. Cytogenetic analysis identified 10 pairs of homologous chromosomes (2n = 20) with 26 knobs, located in the terminal region of all chromosomes. The similarity of these results with the information reported in the literature indicates that the five populations of wild relatives of maize in this region of Santa Catarina belong to the botanical species Zea luxurians.

Qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de milho crioulo produzidas no norte de Minas Gerais / Physical, physiological and seed health qualities of maize landrace seeds produced on northern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de 17 variedades de milho crioulo antes e após armazenagem em garrafas PET e comparar os resultados aos padrões já estabelecidos para comercialização de cultivares comerciais de milho. Foram realizados os testes de pureza física, retenção de peneiras, massa de 1000 sementes, grau de umidade, germinação, emergência em canteiro, índices de velocidade de germinação e emergência das sementes, além de exame de sementes infestadas. Pelos resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que as sementes de milho crioulo das diferentes variedades apresentam alta porcentagem de pureza física e germinação mesmo após o armazenamento, com valores acima dos padrões mínimos exigidos para comercialização de sementes de milho (98 e 85 por cento, respectivamente). O grau de umidade das sementes das diferentes variedades de milho crioulo antes e após o armazenamento permaneceu abaixo de 13 por cento, destacando-se a aptidão da região norte de Minas Gerais para a produção e conservação de sementes de qualidade. Três variedades apresentaram porcentagem de infestação superior ao padrão máximo recomendado (3 por cento), sendo, portanto, necessário aprimorar o controle de pragas de grãos armazenados. São necessárias melhorias para uniformização de classificação das sementes por peneiras, já que as amostras de três variedades não alcançaram o padrão mínimo de 94 por cento em uma mesma peneira, exigido pela legislação.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical, physiological and sanitary quality of corn seeds of 17 maize varieties (landraces) before and after storage in PET bottles. The seeds were submitted to the following tests: physical purity, retention on sieves, weight of 1000 seeds, germination, seed moisture content, emergence in flowerbed, infested seed exam and seed health (deep-freezing method). Germination and emergence velocity index were determined. Maize landraces seeds of different varieties presented a great percentage of physical purity and germination, which were over the minimum standards values required for commercialization of corn seeds (98 and 85 percent, respectively), even after storage. Seed moisture content remained below 13 percent before and after storage, standing out the potential of Nothern Minas Gerais for production and conservation of high-quality seeds. Three varieties presented infestation higher than the maximum values accepted for corn seeds commercialization (3 percent), indicating the need of better pests control during storage. Samples of three varieties have not reached satisfy standard values of retention on the same sieve (94 percent), indicating the need of better standardization on size classification of some seed lots.